中西星名對照表 |
中西星名對照表將中國星名對應到現代星名,並列出所有星區、星官以及星名的中西譯名,分為32天區,有306星官,共1511星。由於星數眾多,按北天、南天、東方、北方、西方、南方共六個星區分別列表,又獨立出二十八宿部分以方便瀏覽。
專有名詞
在中國的星象劃分中「垣」、「象」、「宿」、「星官」是四個不同的單位,與現代88星座的劃分方法完全不一樣。
- 垣 enclosures
- 「三垣」是最晚形成的星區概念,皆有東西兩藩的星,即圍繞宮室的牆垣,故又可稱為「宮」。
- 象 symbols
- 有形象、象徵之意,「(四象)」是最早形成的星區概念,後來演變成平面座標中的四個(象限)。
- 宿 lunar mansions
- 又稱為「舍」,專指二十八個特定的星官或其所在的天區,即「二十八宿」,其重要性相當於西洋的「黃道十二宮」。
- 要特別注意的是,在英文中「lunar mansion」一定是指某特定星官所在的「星區」,而非單一的星官。
- 星官 constellations
- 與西洋「星座」的意義較為類似,都是星象劃分的最小單位,但中國的「星官」有時只有一顆星,而且對他們之間的邊界沒有作定義,兩者的概念不同。
- 「星宿」一詞與「星官」同義,只有用在二十八宿時,才可以等同於「宿」,兩者意義有所不同,應避免混用。
- 「天官」有時指「星官」,但一般皆指《史記·天官書》中的「五官」,即「五宮」,應避免混用。
三垣
三垣是天球(北極)附近的星象,分紫微垣、(太微垣)和天市垣三個天區,在《史記·天官書》中統稱為「中官」。
三垣 the three enclosures | ||
---|---|---|
紫微垣 the Purple Forbidden Enclosure | (太微垣) Supreme Palace Enclosure | 天市垣 Heavenly Market Enclosure |
紫微垣
紫微垣代表皇宮,有37星官,共163星,丹元子《(步天歌)》稱為「中元」。
紫微垣 the Purple Forbidden Enclosure | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
(北極) Northern pole | (太子)(附北極) Crown prince | (帝)(附北極) Emperor | (庶子)(附北極) Son of Concubine | 后宮(附北極) Imperial Concubine |
(天樞)(附北極) Celestial pivot | (四輔) Four Advisors | (勾陳) Curved Array | (天皇大帝) Great Emperor of Heaven | (天柱) Celestial Pillar |
(御女) Maids-in-waiting | (女史) Female protocol | (柱史) Official of royal archives | (尚書) Royal secretary | (天床) Celestial bed |
(大理) Chief judge | 陰德 Hidden virtue | (六甲) Six Jia | (五帝內座) Interior seats of five emperors | (華蓋) Canopy of the emperor |
(杠)(附(華蓋)) Canopy Support | 紫微左垣 Left wall | (左樞)(附左垣) Left pivot | (上宰)(附左垣) First premier | (少宰)(附左垣) Second premier |
(上弼)(附左垣) First minister | (少弼)(附左垣) Second minister | (上衛)(附左垣) First imperial guard | (少衛)(附左垣) Second imperial guard | (少丞)(附左垣) Second prime minister |
(紫微右垣) Right Wall | (右樞)(附(右垣)) Right pivot | 少尉(附(右垣)) Second chief judge | (上輔)(附(右垣)) First minister | (少輔)(附(右垣)) Second minister |
(上衛)(附(右垣)) First imperial guard | (少衛)(附(右垣)) Second imperial guard | (上丞)(附(右垣)) First prime minister | (天乙) Celestial great one | (太乙) First great one |
(內廚) Inner kitchen | 北斗 Northern dipper | (天樞)(附北斗) Celestial pivot | (天璇)(附北斗) Celestial rotating jade | (天璣)(附北斗) Celestial shining pearl |
(天權)(附北斗) Celestial balance | (玉衡)(附北斗) Jade sighting-tube | 開陽(附北斗) Opener of heat | (搖光)(附北斗) Twinkling brilliance | (輔)(附北斗) Assistant |
(天槍) Celestial spear | (玄戈) Sombre lance | (三公) Three excellencies | 相 Prime minister | (天理) Judge for nobility |
(太陽守) Guard of the Sun | (太尊) Royals | (天牢) Celestial prison | (勢) Eunuch | (文昌) Administrative centre |
(內階) Inner steps | 三師 Three top instructors | (八穀) Eight kinds of crops | (傳舍) Guest house | (天厨) Celestial kitchen |
(天棓) Celestial flail |
太微垣
太微垣代表朝廷,有20星官,共78星,丹元子《(步天歌)》稱為「上元」。
(太微垣) the Supreme Forbidden Enclosure | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
五帝座 Seats of the five emperors | (太子) Crown prince | (從官) Retinue | (幸臣) Officer of honour | (五诸侯) Five feudal kings |
九卿 Nine senior officers | (三公) Three excellencies | (內屏) Inner screen | (太微左垣) Left wall | (左执法)(附(左垣)) Left law administrator |
(東上相)(附(左垣)) First eastern minister | (東次相)(附(左垣)) Second eastern minister | (東次將)(附(左垣)) Second eastern general | (东上将)(附(左垣)) First eastern general | (太微右垣) Right wall |
(右執法)(附(右垣)) Right law administrator | (西上將)(附(右垣)) First western general | (西次將)(附(右垣)) Second western general | (西次相)(附(右垣)) Second western minister | (西上相)(附(右垣)) First western minister |
(郎將) Captain of the bodyguards | (郎位) Official of imperial guard | (常陈) Imperial guards | 三台 Three steps | (附三台) Upper step |
(中台)(附三台) Middle step | (附三台) Lower step | (虎賁) Emperor's bodyguard | (少微) Junior officers | (長垣) Long wall |
(靈台) Astronomical observatory | (明堂) Cosmological temple | (謁者) Usher of the court |
天市垣
天市垣代表諸侯,有19星官,共87星,丹元子《(步天歌)》稱為「下元」。
天市垣 the Heavenly Forbidden Enclosure | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
(帝座) Emperor's seat | (候) Astrologer | (宦者) Eunuch official | (斗) Dipper for liquids | (斛) Dipper for solids |
(列肆) Jewel market | (車肆) Commodity market | (市樓) Municipal office | 宗正 Official for royal clan | (宗人) Official of Religious Ceremonies |
(宗) Patriarchal clan | (帛度) Textile ruler | (屠肆) Butcher's shops | (天市左垣) Left wall | (魏)(附(左垣)) WEI |
(趙)(附(左垣)) ZHAO | (九河)(附(左垣)) JIUHE | 中山(附(左垣)) ZHONGSHAN | (齊)(附(左垣)) QI | (吳越)(附(左垣)) WUYUE |
(徐)(附(左垣)) XU | 東海(附(左垣)) DONGHAI | (燕)(附(左垣)) YAN | (南海)(附(左垣)) NANHAI | (宋)(附(左垣)) SONG |
天市右垣 Right wall | (河中)(附右垣) HEZHONG | (河間)(附右垣) HEJIAN | (晉)(附右垣) JIN | (鄭)(附右垣) ZHENG |
(周)(附右垣) ZHOU | (秦)(附右垣) QIN | (蜀)(附右垣) SHU | 巴(附右垣) BA | (梁)(附右垣) LIANG |
(楚)(附右垣) CHU | (韓)(附右垣) HAN | 天紀 Celestial Discipline | 女床 Woman's bed | (貫索) Coiled thong |
七公 Seven excellencies |
四象
(四象) the four symbols | |||
---|---|---|---|
東方青龍 Azure Dragon of the East | 北方玄武 Murky Warrior of the North | 西方白虎 White Tiger of the West | 南方朱雀 Vermilion Bird of the South |
二十八宿
二十八宿包括(四象)中最重要的28星官,有167星。在中國星象發展的歷史最早,並且是逐步完備而成,但也因為年代久遠,對於他是如何選定、劃分,仍無一致共識。
二十八宿 the twenty-eight lunar mansions | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
東方七宿 Seven Mansions of the East | 角 Horn | (亢) Neck | 氐 Root | 房 Room | (心) Heart | (尾) Tail | (箕) Winnowing-basket |
北方七宿 the seven mansions of the north | 斗 Dipper | 牛 the Ox | 女 the Girl | (虛) the Emptiness | 危 the Rooftop | 室 the Encampment | 壁 the Wall |
西方七宿 the seven mansions of the west | 奎 the Legs | (婁) the Bond | 胃 the Stomach | 昴 the Hairy head | (畢) the Net | 觜 the Turtle beak | (參) the Three (stars) |
南方七宿 the seven mansions of the south | 井 the Well | (鬼) the Ghosts | (柳) the Willow | (星) the Star | (張) the Extended Net | (翼) the Wings | (軫) the Chariot |
青龍
青龍代表春季,有46星官,共153星,《史記·天官書》稱為「東官」。
青龍 the Azure Dragon | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
角宿 Horn Mansion | 角 Horn | (平道) Flat road | 天田 Celestial farmland | (周鼎) Tripod of the ZHOU | (進賢) Recommending virtuous man |
(天門) Celestial gate | (平) Judging | (库楼) Arsenal | 柱 Pillars | (衡) Railings | |
(南門) Southern gate | |||||
(亢宿) Neck Mansion | (亢) Neck | (大角) Great horn | (左摄提) Left conductor | (右摄提) Right conductor | (折威) Executions |
(顿顽) Trials | (陽門) Gate of YANG | ||||
氐宿 Root Mansion | 氐 Root | (亢池) Boats and lake | (帝席) Mattress of the emperor | (梗河) Celestial lance | (招摇) Twinkling indicator |
(天乳) Celestial milk | (天辐) Celestial spokes | (阵车) Battle chariots | (車騎) Chariots and cavalry | (騎陣將軍) Chariot and Cavalry general | |
騎官 Imperial guards | |||||
房宿 Room Mansion | 房 Room | (鉤鈐)(附房宿) Lock | (鍵閉) Door bolt | (罰) Punishment | (東咸) Eastern door |
(西咸) Western door | (日) Sun | (從官) Retinue | |||
(心宿) Heart Mansion | (心) Heart | (積卒) Group of soldiers | |||
(尾宿) Tail Mansion | (尾) Tail | (神宮)(附(尾宿)) Changing room | (天江) Celestial river | (傅說) FUYUE | 魚 Fish |
(龜) Tortoise | |||||
(箕宿) Winnowing-basket Mansion | (箕) Winnowing-basket | (糠) Chaff | (杵) Pestle |
玄武
玄武代表冬季,有65星官,共371星,《史記·天官書》稱為「北官」。
玄武 the Black Warrior | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
斗宿 Dipper Mansion | 斗 Dipper | 天龠 Celestial keyhole | (天弁) Market officer | (建) Establishment | (天鸡) Celestial cock |
(狗) Dog | 狗国 Territory of dogs | (天淵) Celestial spring | (農丈人) Peasant | (鱉) River turtle | |
牛宿 Ox Mansion | 牛 Ox | (天桴) Celestial drumstick | 河鼓 Drum at the river | (左旗) Left flag | 右旗 Right flag |
(織女) Weaving girl | (渐台) Clepsydra terrace | (輦道) Imperial passageway | (羅堰) Networks of dykes | 天田 Celestial farmland | |
(九坎) Nine water wells | |||||
女宿 Girl Mansion | (女) Girl | (離珠) Pearls on ladies' wear | (敗瓜) Rotten melom | (瓠瓜) Good malom | (天津) Celestial ford |
(奚仲) XIZHONG | 扶筐 Basket for mulberry leaves | (十二國) Twelve countries | 周(附(十二國)) ZHOU | 秦(附(十二國)) QIN | |
代(附(十二國)) DAI | 趙(附(十二國)) ZHAO | 越(附(十二國)) YUE | 齊(附(十二國)) QI | 楚(附(十二國)) CHU | |
鄭(附(十二國)) ZHENG | 魏(附(十二國)) WEI | 韓(附(十二國)) HAN | 晉(附(十二國)) JIN | 燕(附(十二國)) YAN | |
(虛宿) Emptiness Mansion | (虛) Emptiness | (司命) Deified judge of life | (司祿) Deified judge of rank | (司危) Deified judge of disaster and good fortune | (司非) Deified judge of right and wrong |
(哭) Crying | (泣) Weeping | (璃瑜) Jade ornament on ladies' wear | (天垒城) Celestial ramparts | (敗臼) Decayed Mortar | |
危宿 Rooftop Mansion | 危 Rooftop | (墳墓)(附危宿) Tomb | (蓋屋) Roofing | (虛梁) Temple | (天錢) Celestial money |
人 Humans | (杵) Pestle | (臼) Mortar | (车府) Big yard for chariots | 造父 ZAOFU | |
天钩 Celestial hook | |||||
室宿 Encampment Mansion | 室 Encampment | 離宮(附室宿) Resting palace | (螣蛇) Flying serpent | (雷電) Thunder and lightning | (土公吏) Official for materials supply |
(垒壁阵) The line of ramparts | (羽林軍) Palace guard | (天綱) Materials for Making Tents | 北落师门 North gate of the military camp | 鈇鉞 Axe | |
(八魁) Net for catching birds | |||||
壁宿 Wall Mansion | 壁 Wall | (天廄) Celestial stable | (土公) Official for earthworks and buildings | (霹靂) Thunderbolt | 雲雨 Cloud and rain |
(鈇鑕) Sickle |
白虎
白虎代表秋季,有54星官,共291星,《史記·天官書》稱為「西官」。
白虎 the White Tiger | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
奎宿 Legs Mansion | 奎 Legs | 王良 WANGLIANG | (策) Whip | (附路) Auxiliary road | (軍南門) Southern military gate |
(閣道) Flying corridor | (外屏) Outer fence | (天溷) Celestial pigsty | (土司空) Master of constructions | ||
(娄宿) Bond Mansion | (婁) Bond | (天大将军) Great general of the heaven | (左更) Official in charge of forest | (右更) Official in charge of pasturing | (天仓) Square celestial granary |
(天庾) Ricks of grain | |||||
胃宿 Stomach Mansion | 胃 Stomach | (大陵) Mausoleum | (積尸) Heaps of corpses | (天船) Celestial boat | (積水) Stored water |
(天廪) Celestial foodstuffs | (天囷) Circular celestial granary | ||||
昴宿 Hairy head Mansion | 昴 Hairy head | (天阿) Celestial river | (月) Moon | (卷舌) Rolled tongue | (天讒) Celestial slander |
(礪石) | (天阴) Celestial YIN force | (蒭藁) Hay | 天苑 Celestial meadows | ||
毕宿 Net Mansion | 畢 Net | (附耳)(附毕宿) Whisper | (天街) Celestial street | (天高) Celestial high terrace | 诸王 Feudal kings |
五车 Five chariots | 柱 Pillars | 咸池 Pool of harmony | 天潢 Celestial pier | (天關) Celestial gate | |
(天節) Celestial tally | (九州殊口) Interpreters of nine dialects | (参旗) Banner of three stars | (九斿) Imperial military flag | (天園) Celestial orchard | |
觜宿 Turtle beak Mansion | 觜 Turtle beak | (司怪) Deity in charge of monsters | (座旗) Seat flags | ||
(参宿) Three stars Mansion | (參) Three stars | (伐)(附(参宿)) Punishment | (玉井) Jade well | (军井) Military well | (屏) Screen |
(廁) Toilet | (屎) Excrement |
朱雀
朱雀代表夏季,有42星官,共238星,《史記·天官書》稱為「南官」。《儀象考成》無「(天廟)」、「(東甌)」、「(軍門)」、「(土司空)」、「(器府)」5星官,共57星。
朱雀 the Vermilion Bird | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
井宿 Well Mansion | 井 Well | (鉞)(附井宿) Battle axe | (水府) Official for irrigation | (天樽) Celestial wine cup | (五诸侯) Five feudal kings |
(北河) North river | (積水) Accumulated water | (積薪) Pile of firewood | (水位) Water level | (南河) South river | |
四渎 Four channels | (闕丘) Palace gate | (军市) Market for the soldiers | (野雞) Wild cockerel | (天狼) Celestial wolf | |
(丈人) Grandfather | 子 Son | (孫) Grandson | (老人) Old man | (弧矢) Bow and arrow | |
(鬼宿) Ghosts Mansion | (鬼) Ghosts | (積尸) Cumulative corpses | (爟) Beacon fire | (外廚) Outer kitchen | (天記) Judge to estimate the age of animals |
(天狗) Celestial dog | 天社 Celestial earth god' s temple | ||||
(柳宿) Willow Mansion | (柳) Willow | (酒旗) Banner of wine shop | |||
(星宿) Star Mansion | (星) Star | (天相) Celestial premier | (天稷) Celestial cereals | (軒轅) XUANYUAN | (御女)(附(軒轅)) Maids-in-waiting |
(內平) High judge | |||||
(张宿) Extended net Mansion | (張) Extended net | (天廟) Celestial Temple | |||
(翼宿) Wings Mansion | (翼) Wings | (東甌) DONGOU | |||
轸宿 Chariot Mansion | 軫 Chariot | (左轄)(附轸宿) Left linchpin | (右辖)(附轸宿) Right linchpin | (長沙)(附轸宿) CHANGSHA | (青丘) Green hill |
(軍門) Military Gate | (土司空) Master of Construction | (器府) House for Musical Instruments |
近南極
近南極有23星官,共130星。因為中國地處北方無法觀測,直至西學傳入才有星官的劃分,因此相較於已有久遠歷史的三垣二十八宿,幾乎沒有什麼爭議。
(近南極) the southern circumpolar region | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
海山 Sea and mountain | (十字架) Cross | (馬尾) Horse's tail | (马腹) Horse's abdomen | (蜜蜂) Bee |
(三角形) Triangle | (异雀) Exotic bird | (孔雀) Peacock | 波斯 Persia | (蛇尾) Snake's tail |
(蛇腹) Snake's abdomen | (蛇首) Snake's head | (鳥喙) Bird's beak | (鶴) Crane | (火鳥) Firebird |
(水委) Crooked running water | (附白) White patches nearby | 夹白 White Patch Attached | (金魚) Goldfish | (海石) Sea rock |
(飛魚) Flying fish | (南船) Southern boat | (小斗) Little dipper |
参考文献
- 丹元子《(步天歌)》所載星數為1464星,短少部份皆為(四象)所缺,三垣各星官的星數皆與《儀象考成》相同。
- 三垣二十八宿283星官中,在朱雀有5星官是《儀象考成》未載,故共1381星其中有57星為丹元子《(步天歌)》所載。
- 陳輝樺(國立自然科學博物館). . AEEA 天文教育資訊網: 參、中國古代的「 恆星的中文名字 」是怎樣制定的?. [2007年9月26日]. (原始内容 (HTML)存档于2007年6月7日) (中文(臺灣)).
- 楊金鼎. 天文曆法-星官(星宿,星座). 中國文化史大詞典. 遠流辭書 1989年11月16日台灣初版一刷. 台灣: 遠流. 1989年11月16日: 第254頁. (中文(臺灣)).
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