吸虫(学名:Trematoda)是寄生虫的一种,为扁形动物门吸虫纲动物的总称,也称为瓜仁虫。一些吸虫也被称为二口虫(拉丁語:Distoma)。其名由来是因为它的口吸盘和腹吸盘都被认为是口而致,拉丁语中,Di代表“二”,stoma代表“口”。
吸蟲綱 | |
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,一种生活在帆蜥魚肠子内的大型吸虫 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 扁形动物门 Platyhelminthes |
亚门: | Rhabditophora |
演化支: | Acentrosomata |
演化支: | Bothrioneodermata |
总纲: | Neodermata |
纲: | 吸蟲綱 Trematoda , 1808 |
亞綱與目 | |
概述
吸蟲是非常有名的一種寄生蟲,大部分為雌雄同體,可自體受精;生活史中可能有一個或多個中間宿主,以魚類、人體等多種脊椎動物為最終宿主;成蟲產卵發育成(Miracidium,亦作),纖毛幼蟲入侵中間宿主後,增殖並發育成(cercaride,亦作),再被最終宿主食入前會發育成(metacerariae,亦作)。吸蟲的成蟲有口吸盤及腹吸盤,其卵有(operculum),蟲體在人體中最久可活30年,由生食淡水魚而感染。貓、狗為一種名為保蟲的吸蟲宿主,成蟲寄生於膽道,大量感染時可在膽囊中發現蟲體。曩狀幼蟲存在於淡水魚時,醃漬、煙燻或脫水皆不能將其殺死,輕微感染時無症狀,重度感染會造成膽道阻塞、膽囊炎、結石、或(急性胰臟炎)等,蟲卵約於感染後1個月後可於糞便中發現。
分類
吸蟲綱物種原來分為(Monogena)、(複殖目)(Digenea)、(Aspidogastrea,亦作或)三個目。單殖、複殖所指的是物種的雄性生殖系统的输精管的数目(单殖1个、複殖2个);而盾腹目的命名則沿於其特征,在其吸盘周围有一個盾牌狀的衬垫。當時的單殖目可再細分為三個亞目:259-260,但現時單殖目已被提升至綱級,成為(單殖綱)。餘下的兩個目合計的物種,推算約 18,000到 24,000個物種。有文獻把這兩個目提升到亞綱的地位。
複殖目又名(二生目),是吸蟲綱絕大多數物種所屬,之下再分為(Gasterostomata,寄生於魚腸內)及(Prosostomata,有59科),其物種泛稱複殖吸蟲(digenetic trematode)是以寄生人體為對象的吸蟲。複殖吸蟲的基本結構和發育過程大致上相同,種類相當繁多且形態各自相差頗大,生活史有性世代(寄生於軟體動物,如螺螄、蚌類的階段)與無性世代(寄生於脊椎動物體內階段),基本生活型態是以卵生且多種幼蟲(、、、、)之後在成長為成蟲。這些吸虫中以人类为宿主的种类,有肺吸虫((卫氏肺吸虫))、肝吸虫((中華肝吸蟲)、(牛羊肝吸蟲))、、(横川吸虫)、血吸虫((日本血吸虫))、(布氏薑片蟲)(Fasciolopsis buski)等。
楯盤目只有一科四屬,直接發育,無需中間宿主。今提升至亞綱級,是為或。
- 本纲包括以下目:
-
- Aspidogasteridae
- Aspidogastridae
- Multicalycidae
- Rugogastridae
- 有壁目 Diplostomida
- 斜睪目 Plagiorchiida
-
- Stichocotylidae
- 目的地位未定的科:
- 目、科的地位未定的属:
- (Acanthocephala) Diesing, 1858
- Dollfus, 1939
- Sinitzin, 1911
- Le Roux, 1958
- Stossich, 1892
- Chauhan, 1954
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Yamaguti, 1965
- Yamaguti, 1970
- Goodman, 1988
- Frey & Leuckart, 1847
- Brandes, 1892
- Price & Romero, 1969
- Odening, 1962
- Vlassenko, 1928
- Witenberg, 1925
- Pigulevsky, 1952
- Bean-Knudsen, Uhazy & Wagner, 1987
- Deblock & Rausch, 1965
- Tripathi, 1956
- Schlotthauber, 1860
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Cribb & Spratt, 1992
- Gracenea, Montoliu & Deblock, 1993
- Deblock, 1973
- Sey, 1983
- Yamaguti, 1938
- Cribb & Pearson, 1988
- Skrjabin, 1944
- Fuhrmann, 1928
- Chauhan, Srivastava & Chauhan, 1973
- Yamaguti, 1963
- Deblock, Mukherjee & Ghosh, 1970
- Ramalingam, 1961
- Mehra, 1937
- Unnithan, 1971
- Tripathi, 1956
- Unnithan, 1971
- Unnithan, 1971
- Brooks & Holcman, 1993
- Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Schrank, 1776
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Johnston, 1912
- Groschaft, 1970
- Hammerschmidt, 1838
- Fukui, 1929
- Näsmark, 1937
- Unnithan, 1971
- Nybelin, 1941
- Nybelin, 1941
- Travassos, 1944
- Richard, 1966
- Unnithan, 1962
- Looss, 1902
- Talbot, 1933
- Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Travassos & Kohn, 1964
- Gussev, 1963
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Ukoli, 1967
- Diesing, 1850
- Beneden & Hesse, 1863
- Lal, 1937
- Bay-Schmith, 1972
- Velez & Thatcher, 1992
- Skarbilovitch, 1943
- Jue Sue & Platt, 1998
- Baer, 1959
- Prudhoe, Yeh & Khalil, 1964
- Stunkard, 1938
- Wang & Zhou, 1989
- Gupta & Gupta, 1971
- Angel, 1970
- Coelomotrema aegyptiaca
- Nicoll, 1915
- Mas-Coma, Roset & Mantoliu, 1985
- Bhalerao, 1936
- Cribb & Spratt, 1990
- Cobbold, 1877
- Srivastava, 1944
- Nitzsch, 1832
- Lühe, 1908
- Otto, 1823
- Yamaguti, 1933
- Kamegai, 1971
- Cribb, 1992
- Mayer, 1841
- Cheung & Nigrelli, 1983
- Poinar & Boucot, 2006
- Packard, 1882
- Sonsino, 1898
- Lutz, 1919
- Szidat, 1932
- Poinar & Boucot, 2006
- Unnithan, 1971
- Chandler, 1942
- (Diplostomum) Brandes, 1888
- Tripathi, 1959
- Dujardin, 1844
- Retzius, 1786
- Brandes, 1892
- Diesing, 1850
- Laennec, 1807
- Cai & Li, 1993
- Looss, 1900
- Looss, 1899
- Onkarnatha, 1964
- Srivastava, Prasad & Maurya, 1980
- van Beneden & Hesse, 1864
- Teixeira de Freitas, 1960
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Diesing, 1855
- Tang & Tang, 1992
- Szidat, 1954
- Le Roux, 1958
- Odhner, 1910
- Diesing, 1850
- MacCallum, 1921
- Jansen, 1941
- Skrjabin, 1944
- Thapar, 1958
- Akmerov, 1952
- Schrank, 1788
- Johnston & Tiegs, 1922
- Lotz & Palmieri, 1985
- Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Lebedev, 1969
- Prudhoe, 1975
- Brooks & Holcman, 1993
- Yamaguti, 1958
- Khalifa, 1974
- Looss, 1907
- Diesing, 1858
- Oshmarin, 1970
- Rolando, 1841
- Yamaguti, 1958
- Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863
- Yamaguti, 1958
- Meserve, 1938
- Diesing, 1858
- Leidy, 1877
- Dunglison, 1893
- Burmeister, 1856
- Witenberg, 1925
- Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Looss, 1901
- Baer, 1971
- Stunkard, 1923
- Burmeister, 1856
- Schomburgk, 1844
- Diesing, 1836
- Linton, 1940
- Beneden & Hesse, 1864
- Travassos, 1921
- Yamaguti, 1963
- Looss, 1899
- De Filippi, 1837
- Kuhn, 1829
- Rudolphi, 1809
- Treutler, 1793
- Linton, 1910
- Bory de St.Vincent, 1823
- Ehrenberg, 1828
- Diesing, 1858
- Nitzsch, 1816
- Diesing, 1855
- McCrady, 1873
- Sinkoc, Muller & Brum, 1998
- Rudolphi, 1809
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Gupta & Puri, 1981
- Gupta & Sayal, 1979
- Unnithan, 1971
- Kumar Lal, 1976
- Chatterji, 1936
- Hilmy, 1949
- Hammerschmidt, 1835
- Künstler, 1881
- MacCallum, 1927
- Ganapati, Hanumantha & Lakshmana Rao, 1962
- Yang, 1962
- Eduardo, 1980
- Sandosham, 1951
- Johnston & Tiegs, 1922
- Jain, 1953
- Deblock & Pearson, 1971
- Looss, 1928
- Dubois, 1964
- Manter, 1944
- Monticelli, 1904
- Berthold, 1827
- Chen, 1954
- Diesing, 1858
- Goeze, 1782
- Mamaev, 1990
- Rohde, 1966
- Bray, 1987
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Chatterji, 1938
- Odhner, 1911
- Müller, 1773
- Skrjabin & Baskakov, 1925
- Costa, 1864
- Brooks & Holcman, 1993
- Ehrenberg, 1838
- Graber & Gevrey, 1981
- Deblock, 1973
- Travassos, Teixeira de Freitas & Kohn, 1969
- Travassos & Kohn, 1964
- Issaitschikow, 1928
- Pigulevsky, 1952
- Witenberg, 1925
- Panin, 1984
- Nicoll, 1914
- Barton, 1994
- Oshmarin, 1964
- Bennett, 1935
- Rao, 1969
- Ching & Ibanez Herrera, 1976
- Bhardwaj, 1963
- Eichwald, 1850
- Faust, 1919
- Monticelli, 1885
- Travassos, 1944
- Fernandes, 1958
- Yamaguti, 1963
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Tripathi, 1956
- Mehra, 1931
- Deblock & Pearson, 1969
- Karyakarte, 1967
- Deblock & Pearson, 1971
- Deblock & Pearson, 1970
- Rudolphi, 1809
- Zeder, 1800
- Rafinesque, 1815
- Brandes, 1892
- Odening, 1969
- Mehra, 1950
- Schulz & Skworzow, 1931
- Bilqees, 1970
- Oshmarin & Demshin, 1972
- Shipley & Hornell, 1904
- Shipley & Hornell, 1904
- Ozaki, 1924
- Onji & Nishio, 1924
- Kamegai, 1972
- Price, 1963
- Agrawal & Sharma, 1990
- Dubois, 1937
- Farooq & Azra Qamar, 1996
- Pereira & Cuocolo, 1940
- Baugh, 1957
- Gupta & Varsha Sachdeva, 1987
- Mehra, 1937
- Farooq & Yousuf, 1986
- Oshmarin & Belous, 1951
- Chatterji & Kruidenier, 1961
- Bourgat & Combes, 1977
- Byrd & Denton, 1938
- Diesing, 1858
- Goodsir, 1845
- Deshmukh, 1988
- Mortensen, 1933
- Dronen, Homesley & Cleveland, 1995
- Unnithan, 1971
- Otto, 1823
- Hermann, 1782
- Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960
- Travassos, 1944
- Sinha, 1941
- Thapar & Singha
- Nicholls & Brooks, 1969
- Varma & Singh, 1986
- Kulkarni, 1969
- Claparède, 1863
- Mehra, 1937
- Gupta & Sharma, 1974
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Nicoll, 1914
- Baer, 1970
- LeBlond, 1836
- Ferdousi & Chandra, 2002
- Zaidi & Khan, 1977
- Mödlinger, 1925
- Travassos, 1944
- Thatcher, 1982
- Travassos, 1919
- Brooks & Holcman, 1993
- Srivastava & Tripathi, 1987
- Cogate, 1939
- Bhalerao, 1936
- Oshmarin, 1952
- Richard, 1966
- Bakke, 1980
- Stunkard, 1938
- Johnston, 1929
- Dubois, 1961
- Skrjabin, 1949
- Vassiliades & Richard, 1970
- Brooks & Palmieri, 1981
- Travassos, 1944
- Ueta, Deberaldini, da Silva Cordeiro & de Toledo Artigas, 1981
- Kalyankar & Palladwar, 1977
- Vaucher, 1968
- Faust, 1967
- Travassos, 1955
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Mehra, 1980
- Yamaguti, 1958
- Tkach, 2011
- Dollfus, 1924
- Price, 1929
- Johnston, 1929
- Jain, 1952
- Saint-Rémy, 1891
- Pigulevsky, 1952
- Parona & Perugia, 1890
- Westwood, 1840
- Goodman, 1986
- Looss, 1907
- Olsen, 1937
- Yamaguti, 1958
- Beneden & Hesse, 1863
- Mehra, 1931
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Ke & Liang, 1984
- Kaw, 1944
- Goodman, 1990
- (Polyporus) Grube, 1840
- Pigulevsky, 1952
- Witenberg, 1925
- Oshmarin, 1952
- Premvati, 1958
- Oshmarin, 1970
- Pigulevsky, 1952
- Dollfus, 1963
- Thatcher, 1982
- Thatcher, 1982
- Gupta, 1962
- Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960
- Fischthal & Kuntz, 1981
- Cohn, 1904
- Grétillat, 1962
- Korkhaus, 1930
- Lutz, 1935
- Looss, 1896
- Tubangui, 1928
- Odhner, 1926
- Odhner
- Foreyt, Schell & Beyer, 1996
- Beverley-Burton, 1960
- Looss, 1899
- Yamaguti, 1958
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Yamaguti, 1966
- Travassos, 1942
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Sey, 1996
- Yamaguti, 1963
- Murty, 1970
- Sonsino, 1895
- Khomenovskij, 1971
- Dronen & Underwood, 1980
- Kay, 1942
- Wang, 1982
- Agrawal & Sharma, 1990
- Yamaguti, 1958
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Sutton, 1981
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Price, 1935
- Yamaguti, 1939
- Beneden & Hesse, 1863
- Beneden & Hesse, 1863
- Stunkard, 1924
- Mehra, 1937
- Deblock, 1973
- Travassos & Kohn, 1964
- Filippi, 1837
- Pigulevsky, 1952
- Sudarikov, 1951
- Uchida, Itagaki & Inoue, 1980
- Le Roux, 1958
- Diesing, 1850
- Travassos, 1924
- Baer, 1959
- Beverley-Burton, 1963
- Lebedev, 1976
- Rudolphi, 1809
- Diesing, 1858
- Unnithan, 1971
- Travassos & Kohn, 1964
- Nicoll, 1918
- Sinobilharzia Dutt & Srivastava, 1955
- Le Roux, 1958
- Denton & Krissinger, 1975
- Skarbilovitch, 1943
- Skrjabin, 1944
- Diesing, 1855
- Diesing, 1850
- Sadovskaya, 1954
- Bray, 1987
- Mehra, 1931
- Diesing, 1855
- Filippi, 1854
- Diesing, 1858
- Diesing, 1855
- Diesing, 1858
- Singh, 1970
- Mehra, 1966
- Nakagawa, 1919
- Fischoeder, 1901
- Faust & Tang, 1936
- Cribb & Spratt, 1991
- Velez & Thatcher, 1992
- Dubois, 1984
- Srivastava, Maurya & Prasad, 1980
- Krasnolobova, 1976
- Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Fukui, 1930
- Fischthal & Kuntz, 1981
- Mehra & Negi, 1928
- Yamaguti, 1971
- Bhalerao, 1927
- Ralph, 1938
- Chiaje, 1833
- Baugh, 1977
- Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Velez & Thatcher, 1992
- Faust & Tang, 1938
- Skarbilovitch, 1943
- Vaz, 1932
- Rebecq, 1962
- Dubois & Angel, 1972
- MacCallum, 1916
- Van der Kuyp, 1953
- Bory de St.Vincent, 1823
- Coy Otero, 1989
- Goodman, 1988
- Skrjabin & Baskakow, 1925
- Filimonova, 1985
- Tripathi, 1956
- Eduardo & Javellana, 1987
- Lahille & Joan, 1918
- Pande, 1937
- Bory de St.-Vincent, 1823
- Gupta & Krishna, 1977
- Travassos & Kohn, 1966
- Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Odening, 1962
- Nicoll, 1912
- Macnae, Rock & Makowski, 1973
- Diesing, 1855
- Artigas & Paulino, 1988
- Crusz & Sanmugasunderam, 1974
- Bory de St Vincent, 1823
- Salem, 1976
構造
體壁組織可分為體被與肌肉;可自我更新;具有吸收營養、感覺等功能。
参考文献
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参见
- (血吸虫病)