細胞內寄生物(英語:Intracellular parasite)是指一類寄生於宿主細胞中生長、繁殖的生物,可分為兼性(Facultative)和專性(Obligate)寄生物。部分細胞內寄生物會導致相關疾病的發生。
兼性寄生物
兼性寄生物可以在胞內寄生,於胞外也可以存活。
屬於兼性寄生物的細菌舉例如下:
- (漢氏巴爾通體)(Bartonella henselae)
- (兔热病杆菌)(Francisella tularensis)
- (李斯特菌)
- (Salmonella typhi)
- (布鲁氏菌属)(Brucella)
- (軍團菌屬)
- 部分(分枝杆菌)(Mycobacterium)
- (Nocardia)
- (Rhodococcus equi)
- (耶爾辛氏菌屬)
- 腦膜炎雙球菌(Neisseria meningitidis)
屬於兼性寄生物的真菌舉例如下:
- (Histoplasma capsulatum)
- (新型隐球菌)(Cryptococcus neoformans)
專性寄生物
專性寄生物只能在寄生細胞內存活,生活完全依賴於宿主細胞內的資源。
專性寄生物有:
- 一部分細菌,比如:
- (沙眼衣原體)及其近親物種
- (立克次氏体)
- (Coxiella)
- 部分(分枝桿菌屬)下的種,比如(麻风分枝杆菌)、(结核分枝杆菌)
- 部分原生生物,比如:
- (頂複門)((疟原虫)、(弓形虫)、(隐孢子虫)等)
- (錐蟲屬)((利什曼原虫)、)
- 一部分真菌,比如:
- (Pneumocystis jirovecii)
對專性寄生物的研究難度較高,因為他們通常不能在宿主外增殖。2009年,研究人員發現(Q型流感)的病原體(Coxiella burnetii)可以在一種無菌培養基上培養。他們在論文中提出,這種技術也許亦可以應用在其他病原體上。
營養
細胞內寄生物主要依靠宿主細胞的能量生長繁殖,他們尤其需要在脫離宿主細胞時難以獲取的營養物質。兼性細胞內寄生物嗜肺军团菌(Legionella pneumophila)目前是研究細胞內寄生物獲取宿主細胞營養的標準研究模型。目前的研究表明,嗜肺军团菌通過促進宿主細胞蛋白自我分解或通過(蛋白酶體)分解,將這些蛋白質變為氨基酸。嗜肺军团菌可以用這些氨基酸作為(碳源)和主要的能量來源。
敏感性
T細胞功能受損的人群(如AIDS患者)較難清除侵入體內的病原性細胞內寄生物。
參見
參考
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