鏈球菌(学名:Streptococcus)是一類球形的革蘭氏陽性細菌,屬於(厚壁菌門)的一個屬。這些細菌細胞分裂時總是沿一個軸,所以通常成對或者鏈狀的。因爲這些特徵,他們被稱作“鏈球菌”,區別於可以沿多個軸分裂而形成一团細胞的“葡萄球菌”(Staphylococcus)。鏈球菌屬包含了很多個種,其中多數是在人和动物表皮,呼吸道等处的共生菌(commensal flora),也有对人类有益的菌种如(嗜热链球菌)(Streptococcus thermophilus),但其中也有相当数量的(致病菌)种。
链球菌属 | |
---|---|
(肺炎鏈球菌) | |
科学分类 | |
域: | 细菌域 Bacteria |
界: | 细菌界 Bacteria |
门: | 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes |
纲: | 芽孢杆菌纲 Bacilli |
目: | (乳杆菌目) Lactobacillales |
科: | (链球菌科) Streptococcaceae |
属: | 链球菌属 Streptococcus Rosenbach, 1884 |
模式種 | |
(化膿性鏈球菌) Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, 1884 | |
種 | |
见正文 |
种类划分
一般以(兰斯菲尔德分类法)(Lancefield classification)和划分。例如产脓链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)为兰斯菲尔德一型(Group A)并为β溶血类型(β-haemolytic)。
(肺炎鏈球菌)(Streptococcus pneumoniae)没有兰斯菲尔德抗原,但是可以根据它是从呼吸道中提取,显微镜下为双球菌状(diplococcus),α溶血,菌落呈湿润状(有荚膜生成),中间有凹陷(draughtsman shape,因为有autolysin产生),以确定。
本属包括以下物种:
- Streptococcus acidominimus Ayers & Mudge, 1922
- Streptococcus agalactiae Lehmann & Neumann, 1896
- Streptococcus alactolyticus Farrow et al., 1985
- Streptococcus anginosus (Andrewes and Horder 1906) Smith and Sherman 1938
- Streptococcus australis Willcox et al. 2001
- Streptococcus azizii Shewmaker et al. 2017
- Streptococcus bovimastitidis de Vries et al. 2018
- Streptococcus bovis Orla-Jensen 1919,为Streptococcus equinus Andrewes and Horder 1906的异名
- Streptococcus caballi Milinovich et al., 2008
- Streptococcus caecimuris Afrizal et al. 2024,分离自老鼠的盲肠
- Streptococcus caledonicus Foster et al., 2020
- Streptococcus cameli Kadri et al., 2015
- Streptococcus canis Devriese et al., 1986,狗链球菌
- Streptococcus caprae Vela et al., 2016
- Streptococcus caprinus Brooker et al., 1996,异名
- Streptococcus castoreus Lawson et al., 2005
- Streptococcus caviae Palakawong Na Ayudthaya et al., 2017
- Devriese et al., 1983,异名
- Streptococcus constellatus (Prévot 1924) Holdeman and Moore, 1974
- Orla-Jensen 1919,异名
- Streptococcus criceti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus cricetus
- Streptococcus cristatus Handley et al. 1991,也拼作:Streptococcus crista
- Streptococcus cuniculi Vela et al. 2014
- Vela et al., 2022
- Streptococcus danieliae Clavel et al. 2013
- Bouvet et al., 1989,为Abiotrophia defectiva (Bouvet et al. 1989) Kawamura et al. 1995的异名
- Streptococcus dentapri Takada et al., 2010
- Streptococcus dentasini Takada et al., 2013
- Streptococcus dentiloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2016
- Streptococcus dentirousetti Takada & Hirasawa, 2008
- Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014,为Streptococcus oralis subsp. dentisani (Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014) Jensen et al. 2016的异名
- Streptococcus devriesei Collins et al., 2004
- Streptococcus didelphis Rurangirwa et al., 2000
- Eldar et al., 1995,也拼作Streptococcus difficile
- (汗毛链球菌) Streptococcus downei Whiley et al., 1988
- Streptococcus downii Martínez-Lamas et al., 2020
- (Collins et al., 1984) Knight et al., 1984,异名
- (停乳链球菌) Streptococcus dysgalactiae (ex Diernhofer 1932) Garvie et al. 1983
- 停乳链球菌停乳亚种 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae
- 停乳链球菌似马亚种 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis
- Streptococcus entericus Vela et al., 2002
- Streptococcus equi Sand & Jensen, 1888
- 马链球菌马亚种 Streptococcus equi subsp. equi
- 马链球菌兽瘟亚种 Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus
- Streptococcus equinus Andrewes & Horder, 1906
- Andrewes and Horder 1906,异名
- Orla-Jensen 1919,异名
- Streptococcus ferus (ex Coykendall 1977) Coykendall 1983
- Tomida et al., 2021
- Streptococcus gallinaceus Collins et al., 2002
- Bridge and Sneath 1982,为Enterococcus gallinarum (Bridge and Sneath 1982) Collins et al. 1984的异名
- Streptococcus gallolyticus Osawa et al. 1996
- 解没食子酸链球菌解没食子酸亚种 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus,过去称为牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis)生物型i。
- 解没食子酸链球菌巴氏亚种 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus,过去称为牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis)生物型ii/2
- Collins et al. 1984,为Lactococcus garvieae (Collins et al. 1984) Schleifer et al. 1986的异名
- Streptococcus gordonii Kilian et al. 1989
- Streptococcus halichoeri Lawson et al., 2004
- Streptococcus halotolerans Niu et al., 2016
- Holdeman and Moore 1974,为Blautia hansenii (Holdeman and Moore 1974) Liu et al. 2008的异名
- Streptococcus henryi Milinovich et al., 2008
- Streptococcus hillyeri MacFadyen et al., 2019
- Streptococcus himalayensis Niu et al., 2017
- Streptococcus hohhotensis Li et al. 2024
- Streptococcus hongkongensis Lau et al., 2013
- Streptococcus hyointestinalis Devriese et al. 1988
- Streptococcus hyovaginalis Devriese et al., 1997
- Streptococcus ictaluri Shewmaker et al., 2007
- Hyun et al., 2022
- Streptococcus infantarius Schlegel et al., 2000
- Streptococcus infantis Kawamura et al. 1998
- 婴儿链球菌婴儿亚种 Streptococcus infantarius subsp infantarius
- (海豚链球菌) Streptococcus iniae Pier & Madin, 1976
- Streptococcus intermedius Prévot, 1925
- Robinson et al., 1988,异名
- Streptococcus lactarius Martín et al., 2011
- (Lister 1873) Löhnis 1909,异名
- Saito et al., 2014
- Streptococcus lutetiensis Poyart et al., 2002,过去称为牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis)生物型ii.1
- Streptococcus macacae Beighton et al., 1984
- Tsakalidou et al. 1998,为Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998) Schlegel et al. 2003的异名
- Streptococcus marimammalium Lawson et al., 2005
- Streptococcus marmotae Niu et al., 2016
- Streptococcus massiliensis Glazunova et al., 2006
- Streptococcus merionis Tappe et al., 2009
- Streptococcus minor Vancanneyt et al., 2004
- Streptococcus mitis Andrewes and Horder 1906
- (Prévot 1933) Holdeman and Moore 1974,为Gemella morbillorum (Prévot 1933) Kilpper-Bälz and Schleifer 1988的异名
- Streptococcus moroccensis Kadri et al., 2014
- Streptococcus mutans Clarke, 1924
- Streptococcus oligofermentans Tong et al., 2003,为Streptococcus cristatus Handley et al. 1991的异名
- Streptococcus oralis Bridge and Sneath 1982
- Streptococcus oricebi Saito et al., 2016
- Streptococcus oriloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2014
- Streptococcus orisasini Takada et al., 2013
- Teng et al., 2023
- Streptococcus orisratti Zhu et al., 2000
- Streptococcus orisuis Takada & Hirasawa, 2007
- Streptococcus ovis Collins et al., 2001
- Streptococcus ovuberis Zamora et al. 2017
- Streptococcus pacificus Volokhov et al., 2021
- Streptococcus panodentis Okamoto et al., 2016
- Streptococcus pantholopis Bai et al., 2016
- Streptococcus parasanguinis Whiley et al. 1990,也拼作Streptococcus parasanguis
- Streptococcus parasuis Nomoto et al., 2015
- Streptococcus parauberis Williams & Collins, 1990
- (Weinberg et al., 1937) Cato 1983,为Lancefieldella parvula (Weinberg et al. 1937) Nouioui et al. 2018的异名
- Poyart et al. 2002,为Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus (Poyart et al. 2002) Schlegel et al. 2003的异名
- Streptococcus penaeicida Morales-Covarrubias et al. 2018
- Streptococcus peroris Kawamura et al., 1998
- Streptococcus pharyngis Vela et al. 2015,为Streptococcus cuniculipharyngis Vela et al. 2022的异名
- Streptococcus phocae Skaar et al., 1994
- Collins et al., 1984,为Lactococcus plantarum (Collins et al. 1984) Schleifer et al. 1986的异名
- Barnes et al., 1979,为Faecalicoccus pleomorphus (Barnes et al. 1979) De Maesschalck et al. 2014的异名
- Streptococcus pluranimalium Devriese et al., 1999
- Streptococcus plurextorum Vela et al., 2009
- (肺炎链球菌) Streptococcus pneumoniae (Klein 1884) Chester 1901
- Streptococcus porci Vela et al., 2010
- Streptococcus porcinus Collins et al. 1985
- Streptococcus porcorum Vela et al., 2011
- Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae Arbique et al. 2005
- Streptococcus pseudoporcinus Bekal et al., 2007
- (化膿性鏈球菌) Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, 1884,也称化脓链球菌
- Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932,为Lactococcus raffinolactis (Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932) Schleifer et al. 1988的异名
- Streptococcus ratti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus rattus
- Streptococcus respiraculi Niu et al. 2018
- Streptococcus rifensis Kadri et al., 2014
- Streptococcus rubneri Huch et al., 2013
- Streptococcus ruminantium Tohya et al., 2017
- Park et al. 2023
- Streptococcus rupicaprae Vela et al., 2011
- Farrow et al., 1985,为Enterococcus saccharolyticus (Farrow et al. 1985) Rodrigues and Collins 1991的异名
- (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Farrow & Collins, 1984
- Streptococcus salivarius Andrewes & Horder, 1906
- 唾液链球菌唾液亚种 Streptococcus salivarius salivarius
- 唾液链球菌嗜热亚种 Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus
- Streptococcus saliviloxodontae Saito et al., 2014
- (血链球菌) Streptococcus sanguinis White & Niven, 1946,也拼作:Streptococcus sanguis
- Volokhov et al. 2023
- Eldar et al., 1995,为Streptococcus iniae Pier and Madin 1976的异名
- Streptococcus sinensis Woo et al., 2002
- Streptococcus sobrinus (ex Coykendall 1974) Coykendall 1983
- (豬鏈球菌) Streptococcus suis (ex Elliott, 1966) Kilpper-Bälz and Schleifer, 1987
- Streptococcus tangierensis Kadri et al., 2015
- Lee et al. 2024
- Diouf et al. 2023
- (嗜热链球菌) Streptococcus thermophilus Orla-Jensen, 1919
- Streptococcus thoraltensis Devriese et al., 1997
- Zbinden et al., 2012,为Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus (Zbinden et al. 2012) Jensen et al. 2016的异名
- Wajima et al., 2022
- Streptococcus troglodytae Okamato et al., 2013
- Streptococcus troglodytidis Zhang et al., 2013
- (乳房链球菌) Streptococcus uberis Diernhofer, 1932
- Streptococcus urinalis Collins et al., 2000
- Streptococcus ursoris Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2011
- (前庭链球菌) Streptococcus vestibularis Whiley & Hardie, 1988
- Volokhov et al., 2021
- Flint et al., 1999,为Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998) Schlegel et al. 2003的异名
- Streptococcus zalophi Volokhov et al., 2021
- (流行链球菌) Streptococcus zooepidemicus ,异名
传染途径
链球菌通常寄生在口腔、皮肤、肠道和上呼吸道,因为其它共生菌的竞争和免疫系统它们一般不会造成疾病,所以被认为是人的正常共生菌落的一部分。但是当某些特定的菌株进入人体,并在特定组织或器官建立起感染时,便会引发疾病。链球菌的种类很多,可以感染人体的多种部位,导致多种不同疾病。
链球菌会通过以下特定的方式传播:
- 物理接触。
- 通过被链球菌污染的食物及其盛放器具。
- 通过咳嗽,喷嚏等反应从呼吸道中带出细菌。
致病菌种
链球菌属(Streptococcus)中,以(兰斯菲尔德分类法)划分可以导致疾病的种有:
一型链球菌
一型链球菌(Group A Streptococci),如(Streptococcus pyogenes) 造成一型链球菌感染(Group A streptococcal infection)。
产脓链球菌会感染成年人,导致发烧,喉咙痛(链球菌性咽炎),颈部淋巴肿大。当被感染时,小孩可能会有喉咙痛、皮疹、腹部绞痛等症状,医生可以从咽喉提取样本进行培养和生化测试以确诊。值得注意的是产脓链球菌和很多其它链球菌有M蛋白抗原(M-protein antigen),这种抗原与心脏肌肉和关节处组织的抗原很相像,长时间的链球菌感染会产生自免疫反应, 增加(类风湿性关节炎)和的危险。
二型链球菌
二型链球菌(Group B Streptococci),也称为GBS,如,会导致新生儿和老年人的(脑膜炎),有时也会导致全身性的细菌性败血症。
链球菌通常也会寄生在女性的生殖道内,产生酸性环境,抑制其它细菌,但是有些二型链球菌会感染生殖道,增加羊膜过早破裂的危险,使胎儿流产。
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)有专门的对GBS的介绍:Preventing Group B Strep Disease (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
四型链球菌
四型链球菌(Group D Streptococci):S. durans、S. avium、牛链球菌(S. bovis)
(肺炎链球菌)
(肺炎链球菌)(Streptococcus pneumoniae)在很少的情况下(如免疫力降低)从上呼吸道进入下呼吸道再进入肺部,产生肺炎链球菌溶血素(pneumolysin),在肺部建立感染,因免疫反应而使肺部机能失常,导致肺炎。
草绿色链球菌
草绿色链球菌(Streptococcus viridans)可以导致(心内膜炎)和口腔感染。
參見
外部連結
- 微生物免疫學-Streptococcus pyogenes(化膿性鏈球菌) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 微生物免疫學-Streptococcus agalactiae(無乳鏈球菌) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
Reference: Madigan MT. et.al, Brock Biology of Microorgnanisms, 8th Ed, 1997.
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