等足目(學名:Isopoda),又名等足類或等腳類,是一目甲殼類,其下包括了潮蟲及(球潮蟲)。等足目的化石紀錄可以追溯至3億年前的石炭紀。
等足目 化石时期:石炭紀–現代 | |
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:一種在沙質岸邊出沒的肉食性等足目物種。 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
亚门: | 甲殼亞門 Crustacea |
纲: | 软甲纲 Malacostraca |
亚纲: | Eumalacostraca |
总目: | 囊蝦總目 Peracarida |
目: | 等足目 Isopoda , 1817 |
亞目 | |
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語源
其學名是來自希臘文的「相等」及「腳」,故中文名等足目。
特徵
等足目是體型較細小的甲殼類,有七對大小及形態相似的腳,體型由300微米至50厘米不等。它們的腹背一般都是扁平的,但在深海或地下水中的物種很多時都會不同。等足目沒有明顯的甲殼,只在頭部有殼。氣體交換是由似鰓的腹肢開始至身體後部。陸地生活的等足目很多時都有像肺部的結構,往往在底部顯而易見。若有眼睛,都是無柄的。與異足目一樣,它們最後的腹節與尾節融合,組成腹尾節。胸部的第一節則與頭部融合。是單枝的,而腹肢則是二枝的。
生態
約有4500種等足目是生活在水中的,大部份分佈在海床。約有500種是淡水的,其餘5000種是屬於,遠比陸生的其他甲殼類成功。在深海中以較為豐富,差不多完全排除了其他等足目,成功發展(輻射適應)。
一些等足目發展成寄生生態。是完全寄生的,而(扇肢亞目)則是部份寄生。例如(縮頭魚虱)(Cymothoa exigua)是寄生在(墨西哥笛鯛)中,它會吃了墨西哥笛鯛的舌頭,並且取而代之,是已知唯一在功能上取代主體的寄生方式。
多樣化及分類
等足目屬於囊蝦總目,有特製的(育幼袋)孵蛋。根據2001年的分類,當時約有11437個物種,分別分類在11個亞目。
-
- Ianthopsis Beddard, 1886
- Iolanthe Beddard, 1886
- Mexicope Hooker, 1985
- Mexicope kensleyi Hooker, 1985
- Mexicope maletensis Riehl & Schienbein, 2024
- Mexicope sushara Bruce, 2004
- Mexicope westralia Just, 2001
- Aegidae
-
- Abyssarcturus Kussakin & Vasina, 1995
- Acantharcturus Schultz, 1981
- Antarcturus
- Caecarcturus Schultz, 1981
- Chaetarcturus Brandt, 1990
- Cylindrarcturus Schultz, 1981
- Fissarcturus Bathyweddellensis, 2007
- Fissarcturus Brandt, 1990
- Fissarcturus Rossi, 2007
- Fissarcturus Sandwichi, 2007
- Furcarcturus Baltzer, Held & Wägele, 2000
- Glaberarcturus Kussakin & Vasina, 1998
- Globarcturus Kussakin & Vasina, 1994
- Halearcturus Poore, 2015
- Litarcturus Brandt, 1990
- Marmachius Poore, 2012
- Mixarcturus Brandt, 1990
- Oxyarcturus Brandt, 1990
- Tuberarcturus Brandt, 1990
- Xiphoarcturus Pereira, Roccatagliata & Doti, 2019
- Antheluridae
- (球木虱科) Armadillidiidae
- (栉水虱科) Asellidae
- Austrarcturellidae
- Bathynataliidae
- (鳃虱科) Bopyridae
- Calabozoidae
- Cirolanidae
- Corallanidae
- Cymothoidae
- (内虱科) Entoniscidae
- ,为Corallanidae的异名
- (巨颚水虱科) Gnathiidae
- Janirellidae
- (海蟑螂科) Ligiidae
- Microcerberidae
- Munnidae
- Oniscidae
- Diacara Budde-Lund, 1908
- Exalloniscus Stebbing, 1911
- Exalloniscus albus (Dollfus, 1898)
- Exalloniscus beroni Taiti & Ferrara, 1988
- Exalloniscus bicoloratus Taiti & Ferrara, 1988
- Exalloniscus borneanus Taiti & Ferrara, 1988
- Exalloniscus brincki Manicastri & Argano, 1986
- Exalloniscus burmaensis Taiti & Cardoso, 2020
- Exalloniscus caudatus Taiti & Ferrara, 1988
- Exalloniscus coecus (Dollfus, 1898)
- Exalloniscus convexus Taiti & Cardoso, 2020
- Exalloniscus cortii Arcangeli, 1927
- Exalloniscus curvispinatus Li & Jiang, 2024
- Exalloniscus deharvengi Taiti & Cardoso, 2020
- Exalloniscus duospinatus Li & Jiang, 2024
- Exalloniscus japonicus Taiti & Gruber, 2008
- Exalloniscus kampucheaensis Taiti & Cardoso, 2020
- Exalloniscus malaccensis Taiti & Ferrara, 1988
- Exalloniscus maschwitzi Taiti & Ferrara, 1988
- Exalloniscus nepalensis Schmalfuss, 1983
- Exalloniscus papillosus (Budde-Lund, 1912)
- Exalloniscus rotundatus Taiti & Ferrara, 1986
- Exalloniscus schmalfussi Taiti & Cardoso, 2020
- Exalloniscus siamensis Taiti & Cardoso, 2020
- Exalloniscus silvestrii Kwon & Taiti, 1993
- Exalloniscus stilifer Taiti & Cardoso, 2020
- Exalloniscus sumatranus Manicastri & Taiti, 1991
- Exalloniscus taitii Li & Jiang, 2024
- Exalloniscus thailandensis Dalens, 1987
- Exalloniscus tortilis Taiti & Cardoso, 2020
- Exalloniscus triangulus Li & Jiang, 2024
- Exalloniscus tridentatus Li & Jiang, 2024
- Exalloniscus troglophilus Taiti & Gruber, 2008
- Exalloniscus tuberculatus Nunomura, 2000
- Exalloniscus vietnamensis Taiti & Ferrara, 1988
- Hanoniscus Budde-Lund, 1912
- Hiatoniscus Barnard, 1932
- Hora Barnard, 1932
- Krantzia Barnard, 1932
- Oniscus Linnaeus, 1758
- Oroniscus Verhoeff, 1908
- Phalloniscus Budde-Lund, 1908
- Rabdoniscus Vandel, 1981
- Rodoniscus Arcangeli, 1934
- Sardoniscus Arcangeli, 1939
- Tasmanoniscus Vandel, 1973
- Phreatoicidae
- Platyarthridae
- Porcellionidae
- Serolidae
- (团水虱科) Sphaeromatidae
- Trichoniscidae
- Tylidae
- 科的地位未定的属:
- Bill, 1914
- Henry & Magniez, 1995
- Polz, 2005
- Williams, Boyko & Moritaki, 2022
- Jackson, 1938
- Wilson & Keable, 1999
- Schultz, 1977
- Schädel, Hörnig, Hyžný & Haug, 2021
- Schmalfuss, 2003
- Hiller, 1999
- Schädel, van Eldijk, Winkelhorst, Reumer & Haug, 2020
- Schädel, Hyžný & Haug, 2021
- Schultz, 1977
- Collinge, 1915
- Dollfus, 1904
- Schädel, Nagler & Hyžný, 2023
- Schädel, van Eldijk, Winkelhorst, Reumer & Haug, 2020
- Czerniavsky, 1868
- Richardson, 1911
- Klompmaker, Artal, van Bakel, Fraaije & Jagt, 2014
- Bate & Westwood, 1868
- Vandel, 1958
- Arcangeli, 1930
- Schultz, 1977
- Schultz, 1977
- W.E.Leach
- Jackson, 1938
- Schultz, 1977
- Schultz, 1977
- Kinahan, 1859
- Arcangeli, 1927
- Jackson, 1938
- Pazinato, Haug, Rohn, Adami-Rodrigues, Pirani Ghilardi, Cardoso Langer & Haug, 2021
- Schmidt, 2000
- de Armas & Juarrero de Varona, 1999
- Taiti, Paoli & Ferrara, 1998
- Guinot, Wilson & Schram, 2005
- Richardson, 1908
- Collinge, 1916
- Tchindono & Tchesun, 1993
- Schollmann, 1993
- Richardson, 1901
- Bourdon, 1983
- Ortmann, 1901
- Beddard, 1886
- Bourdon, 1981
- Duarte & Santos, 1962
- Richardson, 1911
- Schädel, Perrichot & Haug, 2019
- Menzies, 1962
生長
等足目的幼蟲如同其成蟲,但卻沒有最後一對胸足。等足目生長周期中沒有了游泳階段是限制其分佈的原因,並形成高度特有性。它們會以兩個階段來脫殼。
參考資料
- Boxshall, Geoff. Isopoda. WoRMS. 2014 [2014-05-08].
- Dreyer, Hermann; Wägele, Johann-Wolfgang. The Scutocoxifera Tax. Nov. and the Information Content of Nuclear ssu rDNA Sequences for Reconstruction of Isopod Phylogeny (Peracarida: Isopoda). . 2002-05, 22 (2): pp. 217–234 [2017-07-17]. (原始内容于2019-08-16).
- Richard Brusca. Isopoda. Tree of Life Web Project. 1997-08-06 [2010-03-27]. (原始内容于2016-03-22).
- Schram, =Frederick R. Isopod from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Science. 1970, 169 (3948): 854–5. doi:10.1126/science.169.3948.854.
- M. Schotte, C. B. Boyko, N. L. Bruce, J. Markham, G. C. B. Poore, S. Taiti & G. D. F. Wilson. World List of Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans. World Register of Marine Species. [2009-02-19]. (原始内容于2019-10-23).
- S. J. Keable, G. C. B. Poore & G. D. F. Wilson. . Australian Museum. 2002-10-02 [2010-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-10).
- R. C. Brusca & M. R. Gilligan. Tongue replacement in a marine fish (Lutjanus guttatus) by a parasitic isopod (Crustacea: Isopoda). Copeia. 1983, 3: 813–6. doi:10.2307/1444352.
- Martin, Joel W.; Davis, George E. An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County). 2001: 132 pp [2010-03-27]. (原始内容 (PDF)于2013-05-12).
- Torben Riehl, Katharina Ellen Schienbein and Constantine Mifsud. 2024. A New Species of Mexicope Hooker, 1985 (Crustacea, Isopoda) — the First Record of Acanthaspidiidae Menzies, 1962 from the Mediterranean Sea. Biodiversity Data Journal. 12: e121508. DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.12.e121508
- Five new species of Exalloniscus Stebbing, 1911 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) from China. Zoosystematics and Evolution. [2024-04-14].
外部連結
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