蜻蛉目(學名:Odonata)的昆蟲主要包括蜻蜓和(豆娘),又名丁蛵、虰蛵。這些昆蟲有著碩大的(複眼)、兩對強而有力的透明翅膀,與及修長的腹部。
蜻蛉目 化石时期: | |
---|---|
(Hemicordulia tau) dragonfly | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
亚纲: | (有翅亞綱) Pterygota |
类: | (古翅下綱) Palaeoptera |
总目: | Odonatoptera |
(未分级): | Holodonata |
目: | 蜻蛉目 Odonata Fabricius, 1793 |
亞目 | |
|
蜻蛉目為肉食性昆蟲。頭部靈活,(複眼)發達,(單眼)3個。觸角短,4-7節。翅膀4翼,細長。腹部修長。為(不完全變態),稚蟲水棲,無(蛹)期。蜻蛉目的昆蟲包含「(豆娘)」和「蜻蜓」二大類;細長的身體、二對透明的翅膀、一對大複眼是牠們的共同特徵。種類繁多,目前全世界已知約有5900種以上。
蜻蜓和豆娘的差異
- 蜻蜓身體較為扁平粗壯,兩側的(複眼)距離較近,甚至連接;停棲時其翅膀平展至兩側。成語「蜻蜓點水」就是描述牠的產卵動作,卵在水裡孵化成(稚蟲)((水蠆)),稚蟲沒有尾鰓,以呼吸。
- (豆娘)身體較為纖細,頭部似啞鈴狀,兩側為明顯的(複眼),停棲時多數種類會將上下翅疊合在一起。稚蟲((水蠆))尾部有3個葉片狀的尾絲即是。
兩類幼蟲的生態相似,均以捕捉小型魚類、蝌蚪或其它水生昆蟲為食。
分類
以下列表根據2014年(zootaxa)的分類作成:
上尾亚目 Epiprocta
昔蟌下目 Epiophlebioptera(=间翅亞目 Anisozygoptera)
- Epiophlebioidea
- (蟌蜓科) Epiophlebiidae
差翅下目 Anisoptera
- (蜓總科) Aeshnoidea
- (晏蜓科)(蜓科)Aeshnidae
- (澳蜓科) Austropetaliidae
- Petaluroidea
- (古蜓科) Petaluridae
- Gomphoidea
- 春蜓科(箭蜓科)Gomphidae
- Cordulegastroidea
- Chlorogomphidae
- (勾蜓科)(大蜓科)Cordulegastridae
- Neopetaliidae
- Libelluloidea
- (澳蜻蛉科) Synthemistidae
- (山蜻蛉科)Macromiidae
- (弓蜓科)(偽蜓科)Corduliidae
- 蜻蜓科(蜻科) Libellulidae
均翅亞目 Zygoptera
- Lestoidea
- Hemiphlebiidae
- (絲蟌科) Lestidae
- Synlestidae
- Perilestidae
- Platystictoidea
- (短脈蟌科)(扁蟌科) Platystictidae
- Calopterygoidea
- (麗蟌科) Amphipterygidae
- (珈蟌科)(河蟌科、色蟌科)Calopterygidae
- (鼻蟌科)Chlorocyphidae
- (幽蟌科) Euphaeidae
- Lestoideidae
- Megapodagrionidae
- Polythoridae
- (細蟌總科) Coenagrionoidea
- (琵蟌科) Platycnemididae
- (細蟌科) Coenagrionidae
- 科的地位未定的属:
- Gistl, 1848
- Kirby, 1909
- Cowley, 1942
- Schummel, 1828
- Pritykina, 1980
- Cowley, 1942
- Kennedy, 1920
- Leach, 1815
- Kennedy, 1920
- Burmeister, 1839
- Bechly, 2019
- Kennedy, 1920
- Handlirsch, 1906
- Needham & Bullock, 1943
- Tillyard, 1935
- Kirby, 1900
- Kennedy, 1920
- Karsch, 1891
- Handlirsch, 1906
- Carle, 1995
- Tillyard, 1916
- Petrulevicius & Nel, 2003
- Beattie & Nel, 2012
- Needham, 1904
- Bechly, 2012
- Jarzembowski & Nel, 2002
- Kirby, 1890
- Béthoux, Deregnaucourt & Norrad, 2021
- Huang et al., 2018
- Kirby, 1889
- Kirby, 1890
- Zalesskii, 1955
- Carle, 1995
- Charpentier, 1839
- Tillyard, 1937
- Zessin, 1983
- Kennedy, 1917
- Nunney, 1895
- Hong, 1982
- Nel, Arillo & Martinez-Delclos, 1996
- Fraser, 1924
- Kennedy, 1920
- Laidlaw, 1917
- Schummel, 1828
- Pritykina, 1981
- Cowley, 1942
- Wallengren, 1894
- Fraser, 1949
- Whalley & Jarzembowski, 1985
- Martin, 1908
- Bechly, 2007
- Jarzembowski, Martinez-Delclos, Bechly, Nel, Coram & Escuillie, 1998
- Jarzembowski, Martinez-Delclos, Bechly, Nel, Coram & Escuillie, 1998
- Jarzembowski & Nel, 1996
- Huang et al., 2017
- Jarzembowski, Martinez-Delclos, Bechly, Nel, Coram & Escuillie, 1998
- Kennedy, 1920
- Pritykina, 1968
- Cowley, 1942
- Ris, 1915
- Williamson, 1921
- Navás, 1927
- Calvert, 1909
- Pritykina, 1985
- Förster, 1905
- Selys, 1860
- Hong, 1982
- Martynov, 1940
- Needham, 1907
- Zalessky, 1946
- Fraser, 1926
- Cockerell, 1920
- Cockerell, 1923
- Bechly, Romain, Aase, Karr, Grance & Nel, 2020
- Schmidt, 1943
- Kennedy, 1922
- Carle, 1995
- Carle & Kjer, 2002
- Pongrácz, 1935
- Martynov, 1929
- Cockerell, 1924
- Martynov, 1937
- Brauckmann & Zessin, 1989
- Pruvost, 1933
- Selys, 1876
- Fraser, 1957
- Giebel, 1856
- Carle & Wighton, 1990
- Kennedy, 1920
- Kennedy, 1947
- Kennedy, 1922
- Nel et al., 2015
- Gallostenophlebia incompleta Nel et al., 2015
- Linnaeus, 1982
- Kuhn, 1951
- Kennedy, 1920
- Meunier, 1898
- Kennedy, 1920
- Kennedy, 1920
- Hong, 1982
- Kennedy, 1920
- Karsch, 1890
- Buckland, 1838
- Calvert, 1899
- Zalesskii, 1955
- Cockerell, 1913
- Nel, Arillo & Ortuno, 1997
- Bartenev, 1914
- Kirby, 1889
- Scudder, 1867
- Hong, 1983
- Selys, 1854
- Munz, 1919
- Selys, 1860
- Fraser, 1922
- Fraser, 1924
- Carle, 1995
- Kennedy, 1920
- Williamson, 1918
- Longfield, 1947
- Donnelly, 1965
- Nel, Petrulevicius, Gentilini & Martínez-Delclòs, 2005
- Whalley, 1987
- Feldmann, Vega, Applegate & Bishop, 1998
- Prokop, Roques & Nel, 2014
- Kennedy, 1940
- Petrulevicius & Nel, 2002
- Pritykina, 1968
- Nel, Bechly, Jarzembowski & Martinez-Delclos, 1998
- Karsch, 1896
- Pritykina, 1985
- Nel, Nam & Jouault, 2022
- Linnaeus, 1982
- Kennedy, 1920
- Fraser, 1933
- Handlirsch, 1906
- Daran, Wang, Jarzembowski, Wang, Chang & Zhang, 2016
- Azar, Prokop & Nel, 2010
- Selys, 1840
- Charpentier, 1840
- Cockerell, 1907
- Fraser, 1955
- Nel, Gand, Garric & Lapeyrie, 1999
- Kirby, 1890
- Greenwalt & Bechly, 2014
- Haan, 1826
- Zessin, 1982
- Karsch, 1890
- Förster, 1909
- Förster, 1914
- Calvert, 1952
- Selys, 1867
- Maneval, 1936
- Tillyard, 1925
- Fleck, Bechly, Martinez-Delclos, Jarzembowski, Coram & Nel, 2003
- Kennedy, 1920
- Selys, 1889
- Karsch, 1900
- Needham, 1907
- Förster, 1914
- Navás, 1916
- Brauckmann & Zessin, 1989
- Muttkowski, 1910
- Kirby, 1889
- Carpenter, 1985
- Selys, 1860
- Selys, 1869
- Carle, 1995
- Kennedy, 1922
- Karsch, 1889
- Pritykina, 1981
- Selys, 1891
- Kirby, 1889
- Navás, 1911
- Kirby, 1900
- Selys, 1871
- Selys, 1882
- Pritykina, 1981
- Karsch, 1896
- Karsch, 1894
- Kennedy, 1920
- Piton & Theobald, 1939
- Kennedy, 1925
- Carpenter, 1931
- Selys, 1878
- Haupt, 1956
- Handlirsch, 1906
- Lacroix, 1921
- Kennedy, 1920
- Brauer, Redtenbacher & Ganglbauer, 1889
- Martynov, 1932
- Rambur, 1842
- May & Carle, 2005
- Pamita hannahdaltonae May & Carle, 2005
- (副春蜓属) Paragomphus Handlirsch, 1939
- Schmidt, 1951
- Huang, Nel & Lin, 2003
- Bechly, 1997
- Handlirsch, 1906
- Martin, 1915
- Pritykina, 1981
- Tillyard, 1918
- Tillyard, 1928
- Martynov, 1934
- Handlirsch, 1906
- Buchecker, 1876
- Bode, 1953
- Ris, 1909
- Kirby, 1889
- Gistl, 1848
- Nel, Bechly, Jarzembowski & Martinez-Delclos, 1998
- Nel & Escuille, 1995
- Tillyard, 1925
- Martynov, 1929
- Petrulevicius & Nel, 2004
- Huang et al., 2017
- Fraser, 1941
- Brongniart, 1893
- Selys, 1857
- Zheng, Zhang, Zhang & Nel, 2022
- Carle & Wighton, 1990
- Förster, 1899
- Linnaeus, 1976
- Handlirsch, 1939
- Béthoux, De la Horra, Benito, Barrenechea, Galán & López-Gómez, 2009
- Bechly, 2019
- Handlirsch, 1939
- Munz, 1919
- Ren & Guo, 1996
- Brauer, Redtenbacher & Ganglbauer, 1889
- Bechly, 2010
- Nel, Gand, Fleck, Bethoux, Lapeyrie & Garric, 1999
- Karsch, 1890
- Sjöstedt, 1899
- Handlirsch, 1919
- Martynov, 1937
- Goetz, 1923
- Li, Nel, Ren & Pang, 2011
- Mi, Zhang & Sun, 1993
- Martuinov, 1937
- Brauckmann & Zessin, 1989
- Hagen, 1866
- Zessin, 1983
- Heer, 1849
- Kirby, 1890
- Kennedy, 1922
- Bode, 1953
- Selys, 1854
- Needham, 1928
- Tillyard, 1923
- Kennedy, 1920
- Zhang, Ren & Pang, 2008
- Handlirsch, 1939
- Pritykina, 1981
- (Tetragonia) Hagen, 1849
- Nel, Martinez-Delclos, Papier & Oudard, 1997
- Selys, 1854
- (Thecaphora) Charpentier, 1839
- Martynov, 1927
- Bolton, 1922
- Campion, 1916
- Tillyard, 1922
- Fraser, 1951
- Bolton, 1934
- Hagen, 1875
- Garrouste et al., 2016
- Kirby, 1890
- Kennedy, 1920
- Nel, Papier, Grauvogel-Stamm & Gall, 1996
- Nel & Paichele, 1994
- Brauckmann & Zessin, 1989
- Nel, 2020
- Selys, 1850
- Needham, 1944
- Fraser, 1951
- Nel & Huang, 2015
参考文献
- Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed.. Oxford University Press. 1998: 320. .
- Fabricius, Johann Christian. Entomologia Systematica Emendata et Aucta. Secundum, Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Hafniae : impensis Christ. Gottl. Proft. 1793: 519 [373] [2018-04-19]. doi:10.3931/e-rara-26792. (原始内容于2019-07-17) –通过 (拉丁语).
- Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Bechly, Günter; Bybee, Seth M.; Dow, Rory A.; Dumont, Henri J.; Fleck, Günther; Garrison, Rosser W.; Hämäläinen, Matti; Kalkman, Vincent J. The classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata). In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa. 2013-08-30, 3703 (1). ISSN 1175-5334. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.9 (英语).
- Michael L. May & Frank Louis Carle (2005) Pamita hannahdaltonae gen. nov., sp. nov. from Baltic amber (Odonata: Amphipterygida), International Journal of Odonatology, 8:2, 213-221, DOI: 10.1080/13887890.2005.9748253
外部連結
昆蟲圖庫:蜻蛉目 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)- 臺北市南港區南港國民小學:蟲蟲微機 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
参见
- (台灣蜻蛉列表)
延伸阅读
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維基物種上的相關信息:蜻蛉目
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