园蛛科(學名:Araneidae),又稱圆蛛科、金蛛科或鬼蛛科。這一科的蜘蛛非常美麗、顯著,並且常在跨小徑及類似的地方紡織其半公尺以上的大輪形網,然後把自己掛在其中心等待獵物來到。部份圓蛛科的蜘蛛(如十字園蛛)會在網中央地方另外紡織數條鋸齒形,或其他顯著形式的斑紋向外延伸。然後半黑半白的或半黑半黃的蜘蛛,靜止不動時會停留在白色絲帶交叉的中央區域附近,將腳兩兩併攏呈現大「X」字形;但亦有學者指出這些蜘蛛網上的絲質裝飾物具有吸引獵物的功能。
圓蛛科 化石时期:白堊紀至今,~ | |
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Araneus heroine | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | 蛛形纲 Arachnida |
目: | 蜘蛛目 Araneae |
亚目: | Opisthothelae |
下目: | 新蛛亞目 Araneomorphae |
演化支: | Entelegynae |
演化支: | Orbiculariae |
总科: | (金蛛總科) Araneoidea |
科: | 园蛛科 Araneidae (Simon), 1895 |
屬 | |
約166屬 | |
異名 | |
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「圆蛛科」的各地常用名稱 | |
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中国大陸 | 园蛛科 |
臺灣 | 金蛛科或鬼蛛科 |
這種蜘蛛會盡量避免與任何大動物有接觸,其毒對人不很危險,反應跟其對蜜蜂毒的反應差不多。
這一科蜘蛛的視力遠不如狼蛛科、(蠅虎科),只足以辨別黑白。因而牠們依賴觸覺認識到獵物,及其他在環境重要的東西。
落到網裡後,獵物的掙扎很容易破壞網,於是蜘蛛立刻盡力迅速地用絲把獵物包起來,使之不能動彈,然後趁機會咬之、注射其毒液,等牠不掙扎了就再過來吃。
圆蛛科蜘蛛種類很多,全球約有2500種。體長由2—60毫米。當中哥倫比亞有一種叫(鏈球蛛)(Bolas |Spider)的本科蜘蛛,會將自己的絲線弄成一個黏球,該黏球帶有類似雌蛾的氣味,待雄蛾受氣味吸引飛近時,即揮動黏球將其擊中,成為美味大餐。因為這樣的動作似牛仔揮動繩圈,鏈球蛛又被稱為牛仔蜘蛛。
下级分类
本科包括以下属:
- Simon, 1895
- Tullgren, 1910
- Marx, 1883
- Karsch, 1878
- Simon, 1887
- Simon, 1864
- Holmberg, 1883
- Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
- (吊叶蛛属) Acusilas Simon, 1895
- Pocock, 1902
- Strand, 1913
- Karsch, 1879
- Dahl, 1914
- Archer, 1951
- Song & Zhu, 1999
- Levi, 1999
- O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
- Levi, 1989
- Wunderlich, 2004
- (阿园蛛属) Anepsion Strand, 1929
- Vinson, 1863
- Clerck, 1757
- Wunderlich, 1988
- 鬼蛛屬 Araneus Clerck, 1757
- Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
- Butler, 1873
- (金蛛屬) Argiope Audouin, 1826
- Kallal & Hormiga, 2018
- Simon, 1895
- Thorell, 1895
- Simon, 1887
- Koch, 1837
- O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1877
- Dahl, 1914
- Framenau, Dupérré, Blackledge & Vink, 2010
- Wunderlich, 2004
- Keyserling, 1884
- Thorell, 1868
- L.Koch, 1872
- Thorell, 1868
- Thorell, 1869
- (壮头蛛属) Chorizopes O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1871
- Chorizopesoides Mi & Wang, 2018
- Chorizopesoides annasestakovae Mi & Li, 2021
- Chorizopesoides guoi Mi & Li, 2021
- Chorizopesoides orientalis (Simon, 1909)
- Chorizopesoides wulingensis (Yin, Wang & Xie, 1994)
- Wunderlich, 2004
- Simon, 1895
- Simon, 1889
- Thorell, 1890
- Simon, 1895
- Court & Forster, 1988
- (Collina) Urquhart, 1891
- Archer, 1941
- Court & Forster, 1988
- (艾蛛属) Cyclosa Menge, 1866
- Petrunkevitch, 1958
- Simon, 1895
- Thorell, 1868
- Scharff, 2009
- (曲腹蛛属) Cyrtophora Simon, 1864
- Deione Thorell, 1898
- Deione cheni Mi & Li, 2021
- Deione lingulata Han, Zhu & Levi, 2009
- Deione ovata Mi, Peng & Yin, 2010
- Deione renaria Mi, Peng & Yin, 2010
- Deione thoracica Thorell, 1898
- Deione yangi Mi & Li, 2021
- Simon, 1894
- Walckenaer, 1837
- Levi, 1991
- O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1890
- Mello-Leitão, 1932
- Simon, 1895
- Wunderlich, 2004
- Wunderlich, 2008
- Wunderlich, 2004
- Wunderlich, 2004
- Keyserling, 1885
- (轉刺蛛屬) Eriophora Simon, 1864
- (毛圓蛛屬) Eriovixia Archer, 1951
- Caporiacco, 1954
- Simon, 1895
- Petrunkevitch, 1942
- Simon, 1889
- Grasshoff, 1970
- Wunderlich, 1988
- O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1897
- Levi, 2009
- Sundevall, 1833
- Benoit, 1962
- C.L.Koch, 1843
- Poinar, 2012
- Geratonephila burmanica Poinar, 2012
- Archer, 1951
- Simon, 1884
- Simon, 1879
- Thorell, 1877
- Nicolet, 1849
- Keyserling, 1886
- Levi, 1995
- Framenau & Castanheira, 2021
- Guérin-Méneville, 1839
- Dahl, 1914
- (亮腹蛛属) Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871
- Simon, 1903
- Kuntner, 2006
- Simon, 1885
- O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
- Levi, 1997
- Grasshoff, 1970
- (肥蛛属) Larinia Simon, 1874
- Grasshoff, 1970
- (类肥蛛属) Larinioides Caporiacco, 1934
- Framenau, 2011
- Wunderlich, 2004
- Levi, 1993
- Thorell, 1878
- Wunderlich, 2004
- Simon, 1864
- Emerit, 1970
- Grasshoff, 1970
- Mangora O.P.-Cambridge, 1889
- Mangora baii Mi & Li, 2021
- Mangora cephala Mi & Li, 2021
- Levi, 1997
- Holmberg, 1876
- Simon, 1903
- Lawrence, 1968
- Simon, 1895
- Penney & Ortuño, 2006
- F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
- Cambridge, 1903
- Sundevall, 1833
- Schenkel, 1953
- Kulczynski, 1911
- Milonia Thorell, 1890
- Milonia gemella Mi & Li, 2021
- Wunderlich, 2011
- Wunderlich, 2004
- Petrunkevitch, 1963
- Mello-Leitão, 1940
- Simon, 1895
- Caporiacco, 1947
- Simon, 1903
- Levi, 1983
- (新园蛛属) Neoscona Simon, 1864
- Leach, 1815
- L.Koch, 1872
- Kuntner, 2013
- Levi, 2001
- Court & Forster, 1993
- Court & Forster, 1988
- Simon, 1864
- Simon, 1879
- Marx, 1883
- Keyserling, 1886
- Wunderlich, 2004
- Petrunkevitch, 1922
- Grasshoff, 1970
- Brito Capello, 1867
- Keyserling, 1886
- Caporiacco, 1940
- Mello-Leitão, 1939
- F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
- Emerit, 1994
- Simon, 1895
- (Perilla) Thorell, 1895
- Thorell, 1899
- Simon, 1894
- Simon, 1895
- (普园蛛属) Plebs Joseph & Framenau, 2012
- Simon, 1895
- Simon, 1895
- C.L.Koch, 1843
- Cabra-García & Hormiga, 2020
- (脊园蛛属) Porcataraneus Mi & Peng, 2011
- Schenkel, 1953
- Simon, 1895
- Grasshoff, 1971
- Schenkel, 1936
- Keyserling, 1881
- Simon, 1903
- Strand, 1916
- Thorell, 1899
- Poinar, 2015
- Blackwall, 1865
- Wunderlich, 1988
- Levi, 1992
- Simon, 1887
- Simon, 1894
- C.L.Koch, 1836
- Benoit, 1962
- Grasshoff, 1970
- Simon, 1897
- Levi, 1995
- Simon, 1893
- Keyserling, 1879
- Taczanowskia gustavoi Ibarra-Núñez, 2013
- Taczanowskia mirabilis Simon, 1897
- Taczanowskia onowoka Jordán, Domínguez-Trujillo & Cisneros-Heredia, 2021
- Taczanowskia sextuberculata Keyserling, 1892
- Taczanowskia striata Keyserling, 1879
- Taczanowskia trilobata Simon, 1897
- Taczanowskia yasuni Díaz-Guevara, Macías-Tulcán & Galvis, 2024
- Thorell, 1898
- Levi, 1995
- Harmer & Framenau, 2008
- Taczanowski, 1879
- Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
- Dunlop & Jekel, 2008
- Scudder, 1890
- Hasselt, 1882
- Berg, 1899
- Dahl, 1914
- Dahl, 1911
- Grasshoff, 1971
- Simon, 1895
- McCook, 1888
- F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
- O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1895
- O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1882
- Simon, 1895
- Archer, 1960
- Court & Forster, 1988
- C.L.Koch, 1836
- (楚蛛属) Zygiella F.O.P.-Cambridge
- 十字园蛛
- 這科的蜘蛛種類非常多,大小不一,但都有八單眼
- (Araneus marmoreus)
- (Argiope bruennichi)
參考文獻
- Penney, D.; Ortuño, V. M. Oldest true orb-weaving spider (Araneae: Araneidae). Biology letters. 2006, 2 (3): 447–450. ISSN 1744-9561. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0506.
- Magalhaes, I. L. F.; Azevedo, G. H. F.; Michalik, P.; Ramírez, M. J. The fossil record of spiders revisited: implications for calibrating trees and evidence for a major faunal turnover since the Mesozoic. Biological Reviews. 2020, 95: 184–217 [2020-11-09]. ISSN 1464-7931. doi:10.1111/brv.12559. (原始内容于2020-11-09).
- Araneidae 金蛛科 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),台灣生物多樣性資訊入口網Taibi,中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心,2016-03-16
- Araneidae金蛛科 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),TaiBNET,中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心,2016-03-16
- R.C. Cheng & I.M. Tso. Signaling by decorating webs: luring prey or deterring predators?. Behavioral Ecology. 2007-09, 18: 1085–1091. (原始内容存档于2012-07-11).
- Araneidae. GBIF. [2022-08-26]. (原始内容于2022-01-13).
- George Poinar Jr. & Ron Buckley. 2012. Predatory behaviour of the social orb-weaver spider, Geratonephila burmanica n. gen., n. sp. (Araneae: Nephilidae) with its wasp prey, Cascoscelio incassus n. gen., n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in Early Cretaceous Burmese amber. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, vol. 24, issue 5; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2011.640399
- Juan Pablo Jordán, Mariela Domínguez-Trujillo and Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia. 2021. Phylogenetic Placement of the Spider Genus Taczanowskia (Araneae: Araneidae) and Description of A New Species from Ecuador. Invertebrate Systematics. 35(7); 742-753. DOI: 10.1071/IS20084
- David R. Díaz-Guevara, Mauricio Macías-Tulcán, William Galvis. 2024. Taczanowskia yasuni new species: A New enigmatic Species of Spider (Araneidae) from the Ecuadorian Amazon canopy. Zootaxa. 5397(2); 295-300. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5397.2.11
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